Εμφάνιση αναρτήσεων με ετικέτα adult education. Εμφάνιση όλων των αναρτήσεων
Εμφάνιση αναρτήσεων με ετικέτα adult education. Εμφάνιση όλων των αναρτήσεων

19 Δεκ 2022

Managers and ICT professionals belong to high shortage occupations for Greece



 Retrieved from CEDEFOP 
Agriculture, the maritime industry and tourism are important sectors of the Greek economy, which recovers slowly from long and deep recession. The country has still the highest unemployment rate in the EU and size of employed workforce decreased by almost 10% in just last five years. The forecast paints more optimistic future for Greece, with decent employment growth, driven by health & social care, ICT services and construction. Sales workers and health care occupations are predicted to grow substantially till 2030. Although most job openings (including replacements for vacated jobs) till 2030 will be for high- or medium-level qualifications, decent job opportunities will be available for low-skilled people, too. 

To access the full reseach... 

click here
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25 Νοε 2022

ProfilPASS - Μάθε τις δυνάμεις σου, σχεδίασε το μέλλον σου



Το ProfilPASS δημιουργήθηκε από το Γερμανικό Ινστιτούτο για την Εκπαίδευση Ενηλίκων - Κέντρο Λέιμπνιτζ για τη Δια Βίου Μάθηση (DIE) και το Ινστιτούτο για την Αναπτυξιακή και Κατασκευαστική Έρευνα (ies). Χρηματοδοτήθηκε από το Γερμανικό Ομοσπονδιακό Υπουργείο Εκπαίδευσης και Έρευνας και από την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση. 
Το PP-system βασίζεται στο γεγονός ότι οι άνθρωποι μαθαίνουν περισσότερο σε άτυπα περιβάλλοντα όπως η οικογένεια, η εθελοντική εργασία και μέσω της επαρκούς αντιμετώπισης των προκλήσεων της καθημερινότητας. Υποθέτει, ακόμα, ότι όλα τα ανθρώπινα όντα έχουν δεξιότητες (μια δεξιότητα είναι κάτι παραπάνω από γνώση και ικανότητες. Πρόκειται για την ικανότητα να ανταποκρίνεσαι σε σύνθετες απαιτήσεις, με την άντληση και κινητοποίηση πόρων συμπεριλαμβανομένων των  δεξιοτήτων και στάσεων σε συγκεκριμένο περιεχόμενο) και ότι όλες οι δεξιότητες έχουν αξία ανεξάρτητα από το που αποκτήθηκαν. 

Πηγή: 

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27 Απρ 2016

Manifesto for Adult Learning in the 21st Century


T
he European Association for the Education of Adults (EAEA) proposes, with this manifesto, to create a Learning Europe: a Europe that is able to tackle the future positively and with all necessary skills, knowledge and competences. We propose a European-wide effort to go one step up, to develop a knowledge society that is capable to deal with the challenges of our time.






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23 Μαρ 2016

The Third International Conference “Education across Borders” Education and Research across Time and Space‏


T
he Faculty of Education in Bitola, the Faculty of Education in Florina and the Faculty of Education and Philology in Korçё are pleased to announce the call for papers for:

The Third International Conference “Education across Borders” - Education and Research across Time and Space

6-7 October 2016 

(1100th Death Anniversary of St. Clement of Ohrid)

We encourage submissions on the following topics:

· Ohrid Literary School – The First Slavic University

· Language & Literature

· Pedagogy & Psychology

· Science, Math, ICT

· Social Sciences

Important dates:

Abstract submission:1 May, 2016

Notification of acceptance:15 May, 2016

Full paper submission: 1 August, 2016

Notification of acceptance: 15 August, 2016

Conference submissions (in English) should be sent to: pfbtconference@gmail.com

Conference fee: 30 €

The conference fee includes a conference pack, refreshments and gala dinner.

In case there are two or more than two co-authors of one paper, each of them pays a fee of 20€.

We look forward to receiving your proposal!

Thank You,

On behalf of the Conference Organizing Committee

Prof. D-r Biljana Cvetkova Dimov

Download the registration form here





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22 Μαρ 2015

Δωρεάν Εξ Αποστάσεως Προγράμματα Εκπαίδευσης Ενηλίκων από την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση - European e-training for Adult Educators


T
he European Adult Education (Young) Learning Platform builds on Grundtvig in-service European training for (younger) adult education staff delivered by the European Association for the Education of Adults (EAEA) from 2011-2013. The training introduced staff to European developments in adult education; encouraged staff to learn about one another's organisations; and facilitated networking and cooperation between both staff and their organisations. Following on from the success of the training, AE-Learning realises a growing need across Europe for adult education staff to learn more about European developments and adult education in other countries. We hope that this online learning platform and the courses provided will help you to share, learn and inspire as you progress in your role as an adult educator.


Για να εγγραφείτε στο πρόγραμμα European e-training for Adult Educators...


κάντε κλικ εδώ
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8 Δεκ 2013

2nd Call for proposal for our 1st Conference to be held in Athens, Greece, 27th-29th June, 2014


I
nterrogating transformative processes in learning and education: an international dialogue: a new European Society for Research on the Education of Adults (ESREA) Network

What’s the point of transformative learning?

2nd Call for proposal for our 1st Conference to be held in Athens, Greece, 27th-29th June, 2014, Royal Olympic Hotel

We live in times where education is easily reduced to preparation for labour markets, or is commodified as a product whose main value is one of exchange for other goods, such as consumption. Learning, especially discourses of lifelong learning can also be narrow and reductive of the human spirit and possibility: the neo-liberal subject is constructed as highly individualistic – omnipotent and omniscient – and notions of collective learning and wider social justice get lost. Traditions of popular education in Europe and beyond – with their notions of social transformation by critically interrogating established assumptions and injustices – have, at the same time, been marginalized. Theodor Adorno has written of ‘Halbbildung’ or half-education dominating the educational imagination, producing a desire to comply with current cultural and social directives. Paulo Freire critiqued the banking or transmission concept of education, in which the learner is reduced to an empty vessel, needing to be filled, passively, by what others – especially the powerful – might think s/he might need. Such forces appear to have strengthened rather than weakened in an increasingly ‘runaway’, globalizing world...



Ideas of transformative learning (and / or critical reflection etc.) are in part a reaction to such processes. Transformation theory began to be elaborated by Jack Mezirow thirty years ago and soon attracted the intense interest of theorists and scholars of adult education. Many of them, located mainly in North America, adopted the core purpose of this learning theory – the fundamental change in learners’ dysfunctional frames of reference – and developed their own ideas within this theoretical frame, providing new conceptualizations, research evidence as well as suggestions for critical evaluation of its various aspects. These debates – with critiques of a cognitive reductionism in Mezirow’s work, or a lack of critical dimensions in some of his followers – have been spirited. For some, transformative learning is in danger of falling foul to the twin dangers of evacuation and reification of meaning. Evacuation has to do with the term being used so often, referring to many different things, and losing distinctive terms of reference, while reification gives the term a quasi-mystical significance beyond critical analysis. 

Other scholars, located in Europe, for instance, but also in other continents, may share the purpose of transformative learning but offer alternative understandings of perspective transformation, using different conceptual frameworks, whether derived from critical theory, Bildung, Marxism, psychosocial studies etc. Nevertheless, there may be shared understanding in that all such views might contribute to better understandings of shifts in learners’ perspective of him/herself, in various ways, individually and collectively, cognitively, socially, emotionally, relationally, artistically, biographically and / or intuitively.

Our 1st Conference is addressed to all researchers and adult educators from Europe and around the world that share emancipatory educational goals, and wish to interrogate transformative processes in learning and education, their meaning, problematics and facilitation. Our title builds on some skepticism about the very term ‘Transformative Learning’ among particular scholars in Europe – ‘too North American, too individualistic etc’. – and we wish to create a space where we can play (in a Winnicottian sense) with TL and related concepts in a critical, but also constructive spirit.

The aim of the Conference is therefore

· To create a space in which we can interrogate TL and other concepts of transformation and its dynamics, in interdisciplinary ways, helping invigorate understanding of emancipatory forms of education.

· To bring alongside TL theories, those of critical theory, Freirian-inspired understandings, psychoanalysis etc., to build a dialogue between those who may be motivated by similar ends, but may assert the importance of different conceptual frames.

· To build a strong, vigorous, diverse and interdisciplinary ESREA Network, to enhance scholarship and research of transformative processes in learning and education in diverse settings, cultures and societies.

We also welcome presentations to address questions of TL and its meanings as well as problematics. These may include, for example:

· TL: cognitive and/or psychic and/or social change?

· The collective and individual in tansformative processes

- Criticality, critique and transformative learning

· Interdisciplinary perspectives on transformation

· Research perspectives on transformative processes, including the perspectives of auto/biographical and narrative, ethnographic, feminist research, psychosocial studies etc.

· Gender and transformative learning

· The constraints of transformation: cultural, structural and/or psychic

· Popular eduction and notions of transformation

· Bildung and TL

· Reflexivity and transformation

· Aesthetic experience and transformation

· Time and transformation

· Fostering transformative processes in learning

· Disorientating dilemmas and the forms that transform



In our conference, we want to help create new and slower spaces for dialogue, demonstration, reflexivity and discovery. There will be keynotes from internationally renowned colleagues, dialogues /round tables, experiential workshops, alongside individual papers and symposia, focusing on our theme of What’s the point of transformative learning?


Guidelines for submission of paper abstracts/ proposals for symposia / workshops / posters

Abstracts should be submitted by January 13th, 2014 to the Conference organiser at interrogatingtl2014conf@gmail.com

Your paper proposal should have no more than 500 words and should be in Times New Roman, 12 points. Please remove all personal information from the abstract.

Please send on a separate sheet your professional / personal data (name, institutional affiliation, phone and email).

If an abstract is submitted by more than one author, one of the authors must take on the responsibility for their co-authors for all communications with the Conference organiser.

The proposals for papers, symposia, workshops, posters will be blind reviewed by the Scientific Committee:

Dr Michel Alhadeff-Jones

Professor Agnieszka Bron

Professor Jerome Eneau

Professor Laura Formenti

Professor Alexis Kokkos

Anna Laros

Dr Kaisu Mӓlkki

Professor Linden West

Acceptance will be announced by the end of February, 2014. Final papers (3000 – 5000 words) should be submitted by June 1st by email to interrogatingtl2014conf@gmail.com.

Detailed Guidelines for submission of papers will be made available on the conference website at a later date.

Conference languages: English will normally be used at the plenaries but a number of group sessions can be held in French or German.

ESREA's language policy is understood as being inclusive. Abstracts for the peer-review process must be in English or French. Though Papers will as a rule be in English, both Papers and Presentations in the Conference will be welcome in French or German as well as English. In the case of Papers in languages other than English, where possible, short (1000word) summaries in English should be provided.

For French, German, Greek, Italian speakers and naturally for many others, it is suggested that slides accompanying presentations (at least in part) should be in English or, if possible, bilingual. English speakers are asked, too, where possible, to provide bilingual versions of their slides. At the Conference there will not be any form of professional translation, but from experience we know that there are a number of colleagues who are willing and able to help and facilitate dialogue. Tolerance, respect, mutual support and curiosity will do the rest.

Just as all participants are asked to show patience and tolerance – as well as interest and curiosity - where a language other than their own is used, it is equally important to recognise that speakers requiring some element of translation or explanation must accept that they can say less in the allotted time and that they should plan for this – perhaps by providing essential information in the form of a hand-out, for example.

Oral presentations should be up to 25 minutes and there will be 20 minutes additionally for debate. Experiential sessions and symposia should last 90 minutes.

Conference Fees and registration / Conference Dinner (in Euros)

EARLY BIRD REGISTRATION (until end of April 2014)

ESREA members: 150

Non-members: 200

PhD/Research Students: 80 (a limited number of bursaries for PhD students will be available)*



FULL FEE (after 30th April 2014)

ESREA members: 180

Non-members: 230

PhD/Research Students: 100



Conference Dinner: 40

ESREA will be offering some bursaries for doctoral students. The bursaries exist in order to give some support to a small number of graduate-students to participate in the Conference. There will probably be three bursaries for this Conference. In order to be able to apply for a bursary, the applicant needs to be

· a graduate student (currently doing a Doctoral or Master’s Degree)

· in addition, the applicant must be a member of ESREA (either an Individual Member or a member through their institution’s membership)

· the applicant must submit a paper to the Conference

The bursary is at the moment 300 Euros/person and is designed to cover parts of the costs for travel expenditures and/or accommodation during the conference/meeting. Details of the ESREA bursaries will be provided on the Conference website.

*Individuals who hold a position at a university, including PhD or other doctoral students who are employed full-time by their university, are expected to pay the full fee. Those who register as a Doctoral student need to be able to show proof of their status.

For questions and expressions of interest in the meantime, please contact the Conference Organiser at dim.andritsakou@gmail.com, or the Convenors of the Network.

ESREA (European Society for Research on the Education of Adults) www.esrea.org 

ESREA promotes and disseminates theoretical and empirical research on the education of adults and adult learning in Europe through research networks, conferences and publications. It was established in 1991 as a scientific society which provides a Europe-wide forum for all researchers’ engaged in adult education and learning. Today it has more than 400 members (individual and institutional) throughout Europe. It comprises a series of research networks that hold annual seminars for the exchange and scientifically open debate on research, scholarship and to encourage publications. 



The Coordinators:

Prof. Linden West, Canterbury Christ Church University, UK 

Prof. Alexis Kokkos, Hellenic Open University, Greece

Anna Laros, University for Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland

Dimitra Andritsakou, Hellenic Adult Education Association, Athens, Greece



Conference Organizer

Hellenic Adult Education Association (http://adulteduc.gr/eng/index.html)



Accommodation at the Royal Olympic Hotel

Special Room Prices for those who participate in the conference [per night, for 1 or 2 persons]:

Executive Room: 100 euros

Deluxe Room: 140 euros

Athenian Panorama Room/Junior Suite: 250 euros

Suite: 450 euros

IMPORTANT: The code for the reservation at Royal Olympic Hotel is TransformativeLearningAthens.

Alternatively, around the area there are many hotels around the area which prices start at 40-50 euros (e.g. Acropolis Select, Art Gallery Hotel, Acropolis Museum Boutique Hotel, Philippos Hotel) or starting at around 70-75 euros (Athenian Callirhoe Hotel, The Athens Gate Hotel).


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21 Σεπ 2013

Success stories - compilation of game-based learning initiatives in adults education


SUCCESS STORIES – COMPILATION OF GAME-BASED LEARNING INITIATIVES IN ADULTS’ EDUCATION

Work Package 2
ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF GAME-BASED LEARNING INITIATIVES
DELIVERABLE 3
SUCCESS STORIES – COMPILATION OF GAME-BASED LEARNING INITIATIVES IN ADULTS’ EDUCATION

Retrieved from: http://www.p4i-project.eu/




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20 Μαρ 2013

Basics of Adult Literacy Education (online course)


B
asics of Adult Literacy Education is a self-paced online course that offers professional development materials for instructors and volunteers who work in adult literacy communities. This course is free and available to anyone wishing to improve their support of adult literacy learning.


The course is designed, however, to be a broad overview of issues in adult literacy for instructors with limited formal training or experience in teaching adult literacy learners. Some in-depth coverage of topics is also provided for more experienced instructors...

This Basics of Adult Literacy Education course was developed by staff at the Center for Literacy Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Thanks to Duren Thompson and Donna Brian for the development of the content, to Angela Rivera for the web design and web work, to Robert Kulescz for the editing, and to Jean Stephens for managing the project.

Funding for this course came from the Office of Vocational and Adult Education (OVAE), United States Department of Education (ED).

Take the online course here
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31 Ιαν 2013

Adult Education Wikibook


T
he purpose of this wikibook is to build an online textbook that addresses the unique needs of adult learners in an agricultural and extension education context. This wiki is being created by adult learners for future generations of adult learners.


Table of Contents:
Adult Education Foundations
The Need for Adult Education
The Adult Learner
Adult Education Theory
Adult Education Philosophies
Best Practices in Adult Education
Adult Education Perspectives
Planning Programs for Adults
Program Planning Models
Planning Programs in Context: Agriculture and Extension Education
Building Support for Adult Programs
Knowing What to Teach Adults: Program Ideas and Priorities
Knowing How to Teach Adults: Program Objectives and Instructional Plans
Transferring Lessons to Life
Evaluating Adult Education for Organizational Learning
Managing Adult Education: Staffing, Budgeting, and Marketing
Personal Experiences in Educating Adults

Adult Education in Specific Situations

Read the Wikibook here



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16 Νοε 2012

Συμμετοχή σε Διαγωνισμό - The 2012 Edublog Awards are a go!


Τ
ο ιστολόγιο της "Εκπαίδευσης Ενηλίκων" συμμετέχει στο διαγωνισμό "The 2012 Edublog Awards". Αν νομίζετε ότι αξίζει να στηρίξετε την προσπάθεια της "Εκπαίδευσης Ενηλίκων" μπορείτε να στηρίξετε το ιστολόγιo με τον ακόλουθο τρόπο: Γράφετε ένα post στο ιστολόγιό σας, στη σελίδα σας, στο Twitter,  ή οπουδήποτε αλλού δημόσια, αναφέροντας σε ποιες από τις κατηγορίες που βλέπετε παρακάτω ψηφίζετε την "Εκπαίδευση Ενηλίκων". Στη συνέχεια συμπληρώνετε τη φόρμα που βρίσκεται εδώ. Αυτό ήταν όλο...

Η συμμετοχή στο διαγωνισμό αφορά τις κατηγορίες:
  • Best individual blog
  • Best ed tech / resource sharing blog
  • Best library / librarian blog
The "Adult Education" blog participate in the contest of "The 2012 Edublog Awards". If you think it's worth the effort to support the "Adult Education" blog, you can support the blog by the following way: You write a post on your blog, on your website, on Twitter, or anywhere else in public, saying in how many of the categories you see below you vote the "Adult Education" blog. Then fill out the form located here. That's all ...

"Adult Education" participates in the competion for the following categories:
  • Best individual blog
  • Best ed tech / resource sharing blog
  • Best library / librarian blog




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6 Φεβ 2012

Virtual Education Fair 2012, 10-12

The event:
An online Education Fair dedicated in bringing together high school graduates, bachelor degree holders, as well as professionals who seek postgraduate studies with educational organizations from all over the world.
Our goal is to provide all visitors the chance to explore their choices in getting a qualitative and career promising education through their interaction with top academic institutions, universities, colleges and companies in the education industry.

When:
The event will take place in February 2012 and will last 3 days, from the 10th of February till the 12th of February 2012.

Who will be there:

* Top academic institutions from all over the world
* People from all over Europe seeking to acquire information on higher education

...



Useful Information

As an online event, it will be 'open' 24/7 and can be accessed from any computer with an internet connection, providing participants with total confidentiality and the convenience of participating from the comfort of their home or computer lab.

The event serves as a great platform for students to interact with experts and acquire information on higher education. Students will be able to provide quickly and conveniently their personal details and academic credentials to a variety of top academic and training institutions, fill out paperless application forms, and gather the latest academic information from a virtual 'resource centre.'

In addition, they will have the opportunity to engage in private chats with admissions staff, career consultants and other experts who can assist them with career and education decisions. By empowering students with academic information and career assistance, we are assisting tomorrow's leaders access training and higher-learning opportunities that will serve as a boost to future success.
Virtual Education Fair Features

Registration

* A registration will be needed for anyone wishing to attend the event in order to create a username and password with which everyone can log in to the virtual platform

Main Hall

* Navigation panels to other areas of the show
* Opportunity to enter Lounge and interact with other visitors

Exhibit Hall:
There will be a showfloor for Undergraduate and Postgraduate/MBA studies.

* Offer tools for interaction with the exhibitors and booth staff
* Offer relevant booth content (E-brochures, Social Media related pages, Links to useful information)

Auditorium

* Relevant and scheduled presentations
* Webinars
* Interaction with speakers

Lounge Chat

* Social network with others
* Build new relationships

Infodesk

* Available Representatives will answer all your questions regarding your visit to the virtual education fair

Για περισσότερες πληροφορίες και εγγραφή, πατήστε εδώ
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23 Σεπ 2010

Teaching Adults: Is It Different? Myths and Realities


Της Susan Imel, ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career and Vocational Education Columbus, Ohio

The adult education literature generally supports the idea that teaching adults should be approached in a different way than teaching children and adolescents. The assumption that teachers of adults should use a different style of teaching is based on the widely espoused theory of andragogy, which suggests that "adults expect learner-centered settings where they can set their own goals and organize their own learning around their present life needs" (Donaldson, Flannery, and Ross-Gordon 1993, p. 148). However, even in the field of adult education, debate occurs about the efficacy of a separate approach for teaching adults. Some believe that adult education is essentially the same process as education generally (Garrison 1994) and therefore does not require a separate teaching approach: that is, all good teaching, whether for adults or children, should be responsive in nature...

The question of whether teaching adults is different remains ambiguous. For example, research summarized in an ERIC Digest (Imel 1989) has shown that even those educators who say they believe in using an andragogical approach do not necessarily use a different style when teaching adults. Additional myths and realities related to teaching adults are explored in this publication. Two areas are examined: types of adult learning and what learners themselves want from teachers.

Different Types of Adult Learning

One way to approach the question of whether teaching adults is different is by examining the types of learning in which adults engage. Drawing upon the work of Habermas and Mezirow, Cranton (1994) classified adult learning into three categories:

Subject-oriented adult learning --In adult learning contexts that are subject oriented, the primary goal is to acquire content. The educator "speaks of covering the material, and the learners see themselves as gaining knowledge or skills" (ibid., p. 10).

Consumer-oriented adult learning --The goal of consumer-oriented learning is to fulfill the expressed needs of learners. Learners set their learning goals, identify objectives, select relevant resources, and so forth. The educator acts as a facilitator or resource person, "and does not engage in challenging or questioning what learners say about their needs" (ibid., p. 12).

Emancipatory adult learning --The goal of emancipatory learning is to free learners from the forces that limit their options and control over their lives, forces that they have taken for granted or seen as beyond their control. Emancipatory learning results in transformations of learner perspectives through critical reflection (Mezirow 1991). The educator plays an active role in fostering critical reflection by challenging learners to consider why they hold certain assumptions, values, and beliefs (Cranton 1994).

Of the three types of adult learning, only emancipatory has been described as unique to adulthood, but even that claim has been challenged (Merriam and Caffarella 1991). Subject-oriented learning is the most common form of learning engaged in by youth. Collaborative and cooperative learning and other types of experiential learning that are more consumer oriented are also found in youth classrooms. However, according to Mezirow (1981), emancipatory learning, with its emphasis upon learner transformation, can take place only in adulthood because, "it is only in late adolescence and in adulthood that a person can recognize being caught in his/her own history and reliving it" (p. 11). In adulthood, "rather than merely adapting to changing circumstances by more diligently applying old ways of knowing . . . [individuals] discover a need to acquire new perspectives in order to gain a more complete understanding of changing events and a higher degree of control over their lives. The formative learning of childhood becomes transformative learning in adulthood" (Mezirow 1991, p. 3). As a result of the research and theory-building efforts of Mezirow-fully described in Transformative Dimensions of Adult Learning (1991)-emancipatory adult learning has become more commonly known as transformative learning.

Teaching Approaches for Transformative Learning

If transformative learning is unique to adulthood, does it require the use of teaching approaches that are geared specifically to adults? This is not clear. It is true that transformative learning requires that learners address problems through critical reflection. Some strategies used to facilitate transformative learning, e.g., such as journal writing, critical incidents, and experiential methods, are used in other types of learning as well. (See Cranton 1994 and Mezirow and Associates 1990 for a full discussion of these and other methods that can be used to promote transformative learning.)

What is clear is that fostering transformative learning demands a different approach by the educator. Although learners must decide on their own to engage in transformative learning, educators who wish to promote transformative learning have the responsibility to set the stage and provide opportunities for critical reflection (Cranton 1994). When educators are operating in the domain of transformative learning, they help learners examine their beliefs and how they have acquired them by creating situations in which they can debate how their values, assumptions, ideologies, and beliefs have come to be constructed (Newman 1993). Instead of congratulating themselves for having made their point when a learner says, "I never looked at it that way before," educators can help learners engage in transformative learning by responding with, "`How did you see things?' and then, `What made you see things like that?' and then `If we can understand how you came to have a set of ideas and attitudes then, let's look at how you come to have the ideas and attitudes you have now'" (ibid., p. 182).

Of course, not all adult learning is transformative in nature; many adult educators also do not believe that they have a role in helping adults engage in critical reflection and, consequently, never operate in the transformative domain. Those who do, however, perceive that teaching adults is different.

What Do Adults Expect from Teaching?

Examining what adult learners expect from teaching provides another perspective on whether teaching adults is different. In this context, the question might be more appropriately posed, "Based on adult students' expectations, should teaching adults be different?" In an effort to answer this question, Donaldson, Flannery, and Ross-Gordon (1993) combined and reanalyzed research that examined adult college students' expectations of effective teaching and compared them with those of traditional students.

Previously, each of the authors had conducted investigations that looked at aspects of this question. Donaldson (1989) used a case study approach to examine student letters recommending faculty members for an excellence in off-campus teaching award. Flannery (1991) interviewed 68 returning students during the first semester back at school, asking them what they expected of instructors in the classroom. Ross-Gordon (1991) used the Critical Incident Technique to collect examples of the best and poorest instructors that respondents had encountered during college. Data for Ross-Gordon's study were collected through a questionnaire mailed to a randomly selected sample of adult undergraduates. The results from all three studies suggested that adult students might have "different" expectations for teachers that in some ways paralleled the assumptions underlying an andragogical approach, but each researcher also found some similarities to expectations for a teacher-directed approach. By combining the results of their studies, the researchers were able to confirm and extend their individual results and also add an element that compared the expectations of adult students to those of traditional students as reflected in the literature.

In the combined results, the six most frequently mentioned attributes adult learners expected of effective instructors were as follows (Donaldson, Flannery, and Ross-Gordon 1993, p. 150): to be knowledgeable; to show concern for student learning; to present material clearly; to motivate; to emphasize relevance of class material; to be enthusiastic.

Thus, the adult learners in this study demonstrated preferences for characteristics associated with both student-centered (e.g., relevance of material, concern for student learning) and teacher-directed (e.g., knowledge, clarity) instruction. When adult expectations for good teaching were compared with those of traditional students, many similarities existed in how the two groups characterized good teaching. However, four teacher characteristics mentioned by adults that were not among the top items for undergraduates were as follows: creates a comfortable learning atmosphere; uses a variety of techniques; adapts to meet diverse needs; dedicated to teaching.

Donaldson, Flannery, and Ross-Gordon (1993) point out that the first three of these items are congruent with the principles of instruction found in the adult education literature. Perhaps, as suggested by the researchers, when it comes to teaching adults, "the issue is not to continue to promote an either/or approach with regard to teaching expectations of adults, but rather to concentrate on the particular attributes which adults consistently select as important for effective teaching" (ibid., p. 150).

Conclusion

Is teaching adults different? Based upon the literature discussed here, the answer is both yes and no. Perhaps a better way to frame the question would be "Should teaching adults be different?" The answer to that would, of course, depend upon the purpose of the teaching-learning situation, including what approach and methods seem to be appropriate, as well as the needs of the learners. Many of the myths related to teaching adults emerge from an uncritical acceptance of the theory of andragogy. Unfortunately, the assumptions underlying the theory are still largely untested through research. Pratt (1993) also points out that adult educators need to examine the philosophical assumptions underlying andragogy in order to clarify "the underlying values and beliefs and . . . central concept of [adult] learning" (p. 87).

References

Cranton, P. Understanding and Promoting Transformative Learning: A Guide for Educators of Adults. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1994.

Donaldson, J. F. "An Examination of Similarities and Differences among Adults' Perceptions of Instructional Excellence." Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association Conference, San Francisco, California, March 1989. (ED 308 750)

Donaldson, J. F.; Flannery, D.; and Ross-Gordon, J. "A Triangulated Study Comparing Adult College Students' Perceptions of Effective Teaching with Those of Traditional Students." Continuing Higher Education Review 57, no. 3 (Fall 1993): 147-165.

Flannery, D. "Adults' Expectations of Instructors: Criteria for Hiring and Evaluating Instructors." Continuing Higher Education Review 55, nos. 1-2 (Winter-Spring 1991): 34-48.

Garrison, D. R. "An Epistemological Overview of the Field." In Research Perspectives in Adult Education, edited by D. R. Garrison. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing, 1994.

Imel, S. Teaching Adults: Is It Different? ERIC Digest No. 82 . Columbus: ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education, Center on Education and Training for Employment, The Ohio State University, 1989. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 305 495)

Merriam, S. B., and Caffarella, R. S. Learning in Adulthood. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1991.

Mezirow, J. Transformative Dimensions of Adult Learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1991.

Mezirow, J. "A Critical Theory of Adult Learning and Education." Adult Education 32, no. 1 (Fall 1981): 3-24.

Mezirow, J., and Associates. Fostering Critical Reflection in Adulthood. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass 1990.

Newman, M. The Third Contract: Theory and Practice in Trade Union Training. Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Stewart Victor Publishing, 1993.

Pratt, D. D. "Andragogy after Twenty-five Years." In An Update on Adult Learning Theory. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education No. 57, edited by S. B. Merriam. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Spring 1993.

Ross-Gordon, J. M. "Critical Incidents in the College Classroom: What Do Adult Undergraduates Perceive as Effective Teaching?" Continuing Higher Education Review 55, nos. 1-2 (Winter-Spring 1991): 14-33.

his ERIC Digest was published in 1995. The project was funded at least in part with Federal funds from the U.S. Department of Education under Contract No. ED-99-CO-0013.

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27 Αυγ 2010

The learners' voice


Ανακτήθηκε από eaea

28 adult learners from 14 countries tell their stories. From the publication "I did it my way" (NIACE and the UNESCO institue for Education, 2005).

Encouraging adults to take part in learning activities has become a unanimous principle in international policy discourse.

Upgrading skills, adapting to new technological challenges and rapidly changing labour markets, and contributing to overall development are the main elements in the rationale of policy makers when arguing in favour of lifelong learning.

While this rationale usually offers the only measurable indicators to assess outcomes of learning and education, it only reflects one side of the coin. A much broader picture on the motivation and benefits of learning in adult life can be gained by listening to adult learners themselves...

Their stories about the transformative and invigorating impact of learning on their lives provide an impressive volume of evidence which can be much more revealing and persuasive than the results to be measured - or not - in quantitative assessments. The insights gained through listening to learners are at the same time very pragmatic and functional, in that they can help design policies and good quality learning provision based on the needs and aspirations of learners.
On the other hand, listening to adult learners and making them partners in negotiation for both policy development and improved learning provision is imperative if we really want to achieve active citizenship and democratic cultures.

Adult learners´ weeks and learning festivals all over the world have long been struggling to put learners at the centre and to create spaces where they can raise their voices and speak on their own behalf - and are being heard by policy makers and educators. Against this background, the European Commission
agreed to support the transnational project on International Adult Learners´ Week in Europe (IntALWinE), and to make possible the present publication as one of the project´s main outputs. While stories of learners have already been documented within several countries, the present publication is the first international documentation including voices of learners from as many as fourteen different countries.

Read their stories here
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